EXIF

See what a photo carries, GPS and device included, then strip it and re-export.

WHAT IT WILL NOT DO

Parses JPEG, PNG and TIFF only; HEIC, WebP and AVIF are not read.
TIFF is view-only here; metadata cannot be stripped.
zTXt, compressed iTXt and MakerNote are listed but not decoded — deletable, not readable.